Wednesday, 30 October 2024 |
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Never see Ash'ariyyah in the same light, ever again! Aristotle of Stageira, Philo of Alexandria, Augustine of Hippo, the Sabeans of Harraan, the Mu'tazilites of Basrah and Baghdad and the Jahmite Ash'ari Heretics of Today Claiming Orthodoxy. Read the first article, the second article, the third article, the fourth article, the fifth article.
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All praise is due to Allaah and may the prayers and salutations be upon His Messenger, to proceed.
Bayaan Talbees al-Ash'ariyyah [al-Kullaabiyyah al-Jahmiyyah] In previous articles we explained how the Jahmite Ash'aris believe in secret that the Qur'an we recite and memorize is created (but they forbid that this should be said openly) and we also brought a quote from the Mufassir, Ibn Jareer at-Tabari (d. 310) in which he cleaned out the rat-holes and secret hideouts of the Jahmites in a single sweep, cursing them, reviling them and making takfeer of them on account of their claiming the Qur'an is created - and may Allaah have mercy upon him. Today, we are going to do some more cleaning and polishing and inshaa'Allaah the way it works is that we first need to identify where these secret hideouts are, we have to hunt them and bring them out, so we can see what is really going on in these secret hideouts. And once we have done that we can bring in the statements of the Imaams of the Salaf to clean out these secret hideouts and take the prisoners who are pretending to be upon the creed of the Salaf when in fact they are upon the creed of the Jahmiyyah and Mu'tazilah and Kullaabiyyah. So here we are, we've found another one, and its evil and nasty. It's in Fakhr ud-Din ar-Razi's book, "al-Arba'een Fee Usool id-Deen". Now its a lengthy passage (spans 3 or so pages), so before we bring the quote, just a little background, to help us understand why the Salaf made takfeer of the Jahmites and cursed them and reviled them. Background Jahm bin Safwan used the basic notions of Greek Philosophy and of Aristotle in particular (see here) to devise an intellectual proof by which he could convince the Indian Materialist Atheist Philosophers called the Sumaniyyah that the universe is created - and thus, a creator. So he argued that things have qualities (sifaat), incidental attributes (a'raad) and hawaadith (occurrences) and this proves their createdness. Then the Sumaniyyah said, "Fine, this proves there is a creator, but you can't perceive your Lord, so how can he exist", and "Describe your Lord to us", he got confused, and abandoned the prayer for forty days because he did not know who or what he was worshiping. He then, devised an answer to the Sumaniyyah which was that just like your souls occupy your bodies without you perceiving them with any of the senses, then Allaah is likewise, He is in everything and everywhere but without being perceived by the senses, and nor is He described with anything. The answer of Jahm bin Safwan contained the following foundations:
And this innovation of Jahm gave birth to Hulool and Ittihaad on the one hand (Allaah indwelling within His creation) and ta'teel on the other (negating Allaah Names, Attributes and Actions from Allaah) - as well as the innovation of ta'weel (figurative interpretation) in regards to Allaah's Names and Attributes, and considering the intellectual proof to be decisive over the revealed texts. As a result of this Jahm was forced to take the following positions (amongst many others):
Then the Jahmiyyah took these sayings as their deen. And the saying of the Jahmiyyah is that the Qur'aan is created, that Allah does not have the attribute of "Kalaam" (speech) to begin with, and He is not "mutakallim", and they interpret "Kalaam" to mean something within the creation, separate from Allaah. So Allaah created the "Qur'aan" and He therafter called it "His Speech" in the same manner that it can be said, "Baytullaah" about the Ka'bah, and "Naaqqatullaah", the She-Camel of Allaah and so on. And the Mu'tazilah took up this deen of the Jahmites and their view is the same as that of the Jahmites that the Qur'aan is created with the only difference being that they say Allaah created it in the self of Jibreel (alayhis salaam) and Jibreel expressed it in his own words, or that he simply "quoted" the Qur'an that was created in his self. And that the speech of Allaah can be created in different situations, so for example, with Moses, the Kalaam (speech) was created in the tree and so on.
Then came the Kullaabiyyah, followers of Ibn Kullaab (d. 240H) and the Ash'aris simply took the bulk of his creed, and this is what the Ash'aris are upon. Ibn Kullaab tried to reconcile between the view of the Mu'tazilah (Jahmiyyah) and Ahl us-Sunnah. In reality, it is the very same view of the Mu'tazilah and the Jahmites except that they added something on top of the saying of the Mu'tazilah. Which is that the Qur'aan we have is created, meaning those words of the Qur'aan that are with us they are created - but there is also a Qur'an which is part of what they call Kalaam Nafsee which is a singular meaning (that comprises the entirety of Allaah's Kalaam from eternity) and which resides in Allaah's self. So pay attention. They do not differ with the Jahmiyyah and Mu'tazilah in that the Qur'an is actually created (makhlooq). All these factions are in agreement. But the Kullaabiyyah and Ash'ariyyah say that this Kalaam Nafsi is the meaning that is present with Allaah, it is not really "speech" (Kalaam) with its proper definition, rather it is meaning (ma'naa) only, and that this meaning was put into the self of Jibreel (i.e inspired), and then Jibreel expressed it in his own words - and the end result is what we have, the Qur'aan and that is created.
We can now proceed with the saying of one of their greatest of Imaams, ar-Razi (d. 606H) and his admission that their difference with the Mu'tazilah is in wording only and after that we can bring the speech of the Salaf to clean things out. The Saying of Fakhr ud-Din ar-Razi - There is No Difference Between Us and the Mu'tazilah Except in the Definition of the Word "Mutakallim" Ar-Razi says on pages 247-249 of the aforementioned book:
We will summarize most of the above piece and then transalate directly the relevant part at the end:
Summary of ar-Razi's Words It is here that ar-Razi says, at the end, and we will translate this words:
So it becomes established on account of what we have mentioned: That Allaah being "mutakallim" (one who speaks) with the meaning that is said by the Mu'tazilah is what we say, and we acknowledge it, and we do not reject it from any angle at all. Indeed, the difference between us and them is that we affirm another matter, beyond this, which they reject. And we shall mention, what that thing is. So this is a clear explicit text that amounts to an admission that:
The Mu'tazilah say that the words of the Qur'an that are recited and memorized are created, Allaah created them in Jibreel, and we the Ash'aris say the same that the words of the Qur'an that are recited and memorized are created. Except that we the Ash'aris are upon the deen of Ibn Kullab who tried to merge between truth and falsehood, and we followed him in his innovation of saying that there is a Kalaam Nafsee (a singular meaning within Allaah's self) that is not created - it is just a meaning that exists. So our dispute with the Mu'tazilah remained one of wording only as to what exactly do we mean by the word "Kalaam" and what do they mean by the word "Kalaam" - whilst both of us are in perfect agreement (in opposing the Salaf) by saying that the Qur'an in our possession, that is read, recited and memorized is created. And then ar-Razi says a little further (p. 251-252):
So that which the Mu'tazilah say that it is permitted (yajooz) that the living [entity] is [considered] mutakallim (speaking) on account of speech (Kalaam) that is established in other [than Him] - is true and truthful. What he means here is that the Mu'tazilah say Allaah can be said to be "mutakallim" (meaning, one who speaks with speech) based upon His creation of speech (Kalaam) in created bodies (like Jibreel, or the tree) and that this is the truth. And at the same time that the Ash'aris say it is impossible for Allaah to be considered "mutakallim" on account of the speech that is created in other than Him, and that this is true as well. The reason why both sayings are truth to Razi is because by "Kalaam", the two factions are referring to two different meanings.
And with this, the deen of the Jahmite Ash'aris is laid bare in broad daylight walhamdulillaah, and one of their secret hideouts has been identified and exposed. Cleaning up ... We can now turn to the words of the Salaf and clean up efficiently, and we've got a great line-up which is going to make these Jahmites flee in no time. You should be clear that when the Salaf made takfeer of those who said the Qur'an is created, it was on the basis of their saying that this Qur'an that we have, which we recite, which we hear, whose words we hear, which are memorized and so on that this is created. But the saying of the Salaf is that all of that is a single Qur'an, however it is, it is the speech of Allaah, uncreated - and they did not mean the paper and the ink and the voices and so on, they meant the words, the words, no matter in what form, it is all the uncreated speech of Allaah, Allaah spoke it, it is His words, it originated with Him. So when the Qur'an is recited the Kalaam (speech, words) are those of Allaah, but the voice is that of the reciter. And in all instances that speech (Kalaam) is the speech of Allaah which He spoke to Jibreel and which Jibreel spoke to Muhammad and which Muhammad spoke to the Ummah. And this is the creed of the Salaf, manifest, plain and clear. So when you see the Salaf make takfeer of the Jahmites, it was due to their claim that the Qur'aan, as we have mentioned it, is created. And this saying was inherited by the Mu'tazilah, Kullaabiyyah and Ash'ariyyah - the disputes between them are in wording only not in the realities. Al-Laalikaa'ee reports in his "Sharh Usool I'tiqaad Ahl us-Sunnah wal-Jamaa'ah", (2/275-277):
From Ahmad bin Abdillaah bin al-Khidr al-Muqree - [chain of narration] - that Abu Muhammad Yahyaa bin Khalf al-Muqree said: And out of respect, we have to bring the speech of Ibn Jareer at-Tabari (d. 310H) again, for it is powerful (see here):
The Creed of Abu Ja'far Muhammad bin Jareer at-Tabari
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